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Handbook on Early Modern European Diplomacy
published at DeGruyter:
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008

editors: @dorotheegoetze & @LenaOetzel

#earlymodern #diplomacy #Europe & pandas of course

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14 Maria A. Petrova: The Diplomatic Service in Early Modern Russia

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-014

(1/4)

emdiplomacy OP ,
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Although it is already Friday, we do not want to conclude this week without introducing another chapter.

The next author to enter the stage is Maria Petrova who is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of World History at the Russian Academy of Sciences:

https://igh.ru/employees/101?locale=en

Having published broadly on Russian towards Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, Petrova is one of the leading experts in the field. See e.g. her study on the appearance of Russian at the Imperial Diet in Regensburg (2/4)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

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1549 is considered the foundation date of the Russian foreign office, but until the 18th century Russian tsars preferred to permanent diplomatic representatives abroad. Major reforms were only introduced under the reign of Tsar Peter I.

However, a change in attitude towards foreign already followed the dynastical change in the 1610s: restrictions were eased. Moreover, the tsar began to welcome permanent representatives from other territories and to establish permanent diplomats himself. (3/4)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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By intensifying interaction with other and rulers, Russian became cultural brokers who contributed to the transfer of people, objects and ideas from Europe to Russia.

Petrova argues that the introduction of the European diplomatic rank system and ceremonial was aimed more at demonstrating the superiority of Russian rulers than at creating equal relations with other powers. (4/4)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

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13 Stefanie Freyer/David Gehring: Evolution and Revolution in British Diplomacy

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-013 (1/6)

emdiplomacy OP ,
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We continue introducing our great authors to you. Please welcome our next writing couple, Stefanie Freyer and David Gehring! Freyer works as research officer at Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Her research focuses on , history and of . In 2020 she published an anthology on strategies of knowledge in :

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110625431/html

Freyer’s current research project focuses on relations between and the between 1590 and 1625. So, who could be better suited to contribute with an article on English diplomacy to the handbook? (2/2)


@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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But she is not alone! With David Gehring at University of Notthingham, who is an expert on , she found the perfect partner in writing. Gehring’s special interest on 's relations with the Protestant territories of the and is also reflected in his publications:

https://www.cambridge.org/jm/academic/subjects/history/british-history-after-1450/diplomatic-intelligence-holy-roman-empire-and-denmark-during-reigns-elizabeth-i-and-james-vi-three-treatises

(3/6)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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In their article, Freyer and Gehring provide us with an overview over how and developed from the 16th to the 18th century. Traditionally, research stressed ’s diplomatic relations with and . With a broader understanding of English interests coming to the fore, the research focus widened accordingly.

and England followed their own diplomatic agendas in the 16th century, exercising in different ways and with different partners. However, this included also each other with intensive diplomatic contacts in the 1530s and 1540s as well as the 1560s and 1570s. The in 1603 changed the preconditions for English and Scottish diplomacy according to Freyer and Gehring, as England became dominant for foreign relations, although in theory Scottish diplomacy could have run alongside the English. (4/6)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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in a narrow sense first existed from the 18th century onwards, after the in 1707.
During the 17th century British diplomatic activities expanded and British were considered to conduct ad hoc diplomatic negotiations at foreign , although lacking clearly defined professional boundaries and assignments or institutional structures. At the same time, British commenced building networks of resident and agents who among other tasks gathered information, shaped amicable relations to their hosts and represented and protected British commercial interests. (5/6)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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18th century faced self-made hurdles. The personnel for example were British upper classes who could meet the requirements for ceremonial knowledge, but were not trained in international relations or the duties of in particular. Thus, while European became increasingly professionalised, British diplomacy remained stuck in an increasingly outmoded understanding of ceremonial and social capital. (6/6)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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There was a great variety of diplomatic actors even in Western Europe. As you said, aristocracy was heavily involved in diplomacy due to contemporary ideas of the diplomat as the representative of the ruler's body not only his/her policy. This is especially true for prestigeful tasks. But already from the 16th century onwards, a huge group of non-nobles, often university trained jurists, joint the diplomatic corps all over Europe. Not seldom, a ruler sent two diplomats, a noble one for representative reasons, and a (juridical) trained one for the contents to discuss.

@david_megginson @histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

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12 Helmer Helmers/Nina Lamal: Dutch Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century: An Introduction

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-012 (1/5)

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Here we go again! It is our great pleasure to introduce to you two of our wonderful authors: @helmer and @NinaLamal both of them very well know to the -community .They are both part of the print team at the Dutch Academy of Sciences, with Helmers being the project leader. Here they are looking for the role of the public and especially the importance of print for diplomacy. Both published extensively on and on Dutch political culture, e.g., Helmers's article on public diplomacy in the Republic.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0268117X.2021.1924988

Lamall co-edited a special issue in The Seventeenth Century Journal on public and cultural diplomacy in Europe together with Klaas van Gelder

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rsev20/36/3. (2/5)


@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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So who would be better to write the article on the development of than these two!?! This is a particular challenge, not only because there’s an astonishing lack of overviews on Dutch diplomacy, but also because Dutch diplomacy held a peculiar position in international relations. Being a young republic its rise within the international system seems astounding, while at the same time giving the Dutch a special status, being a republic among all these monarchies. The federal nature of the Dutch republic was not only irritating to foreign monarchical powers, but also complicated the organisation of , a topic that is far too often ignored by modern research, though @helmer and @NinaLamal stress its importance for Dutch . (3/5)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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One central problem that resulted from the federal nature of the republic was secrecy: How could one keep a secret with so many actors involved? This was almost a mission impossible, although one tried several measures such as an oath of secrecy to deal with the problem.

When dealing with Dutch you inevitably come across two other big issues: the Protestant character of Dutch and the importance of trade and commercial interests. For @helmers_h and @NinaLamal these are not contradictory interests. However, they argue that “commerce, geopolitics, and protestantism were perfectly reconcilable”. (4/5)

@helmer @NinaLamal
@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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Finally, @helmer and @NinaLamal argue that it is important to analyse not only in its European context, but in its global dimension. The East India Company () and its growing importance in played an important role in the rise of the Dutch republic. Unfortunately, both dimesions – the European and the global one – are far too often dealt seperately with by modern research. A problem that is generally true for research on diplomacy.

This leads to an overarching problem of how to competently connect national, European and global perspectives on diplomacy without blurring the focus. A question to be discussed elsewhere. (5/5)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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11 Spanish and Portuguese Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe (1/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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Today do not only want to welcome a new month and a new week but also a new author: Diana Cario-Ivernizzi who is a senior lecuterer in Art History at Universidad Nacional de la Educacíon a Distancia (UNED). Her research specialises in the connection between and culture on which she has published widely.

https://www.uned.es/universidad/docentes/geografia-historia/diana-carrio-invernizzi.html

For the she takes a different approach and describes the devolpment of in and . (2/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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Diana Cario-Invernizzi points out that the term Spanish is an umbrella term that includes three different types of :

  1. It applies to the diplomacy carried out in the name of the Spanish crown to conduct conquest in the non-European world.

  2. It includes intra-Spanish diplomacy which is characterised by sent from various territories of the Spanish realm to meet the king.

  3. Last but not least, there is outbound diplomacy which the Spanish crown conducted with other princes and polities in Europe. (3/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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According to Cario-Invernizzi the fact the Iberian kingsdoms were the first European realms to connect with the rest of the world on a grand scale, gave their diplomatic policies a unique character.

Diplomatic relations with Africa and Asia required constant negotiations, and even required tributes to be paid to guarantee the security of Europe’s presence in the area.

Distance was a significant factor in Iberian . Therefore, agents were sometimes sent to cover shorter distances. Moreover, diplomatic encounters in Eurasia did not take place between entire societies but rather between segments of societies or subcultures.

This fact suggests the existence of a cross-sectional diplomatic language between European and Asian societies. (4/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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The most important group of to Madrid were the French ambassador, the Imperial ambassador to the Empire, the nuncio, and the Venetian ambassador.

Madrid did not have a diplomatic district. Diplomatic did enjoy immunity in the , with the king himself offering them lodgings for rent upon their arrival. Nevertheless, the ambassadors complained of the difficulties in gaining an audience with the ruler.

Following the union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, a global dimension of Spanish was developed which enhanced the reputation of the Spanish kings. (5/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy OP ,
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According to Cario-Ivernizzi Spanish historiography continues to suffer from a lack of discourse surrounding its cultural history in general and with literary studies in particular, this is also reflected in new diplomatic .

However, historians specialised in Spanish continue to take steps forward in the field, not only with regard to the exchange of gifts but also gradually incorporating the analytical category of gender.

The career paths of Spanish & Portguese have gained more attention in research only recently.

By placing more of a focus on integrating the activities of both official ambassadors and informal agents into diplomatic studies in the future, we will be able to obtain a more complete understanding of Spanish and European diplomacy in the era. (6/6)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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10 Jean-Claude Waquet: Continuous Change, Final Discontinuities: the Development of French Diplomacy (1/6)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-010

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

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@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Today we want to introduce the next author of the : Jean-Claude Waquet. He is Directeur d’études émérite, Section des sciences historiques et philologiques, at the École pratique des hautes études. He published extensively on , e.g. François de Callières. L’art de négocier en France sous Louis XIV.
So who could be better to talk about the development of . (2/6)

emdiplomacy OP ,
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@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

He argues that continuously changed over the centuries, which can be seen as a sign of modernisation.
While was originally regarded as part of a more general service to the king, it slowly developed into a more specialised field of activity. From this the need to a much more profecient education of arose. (3/6)

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However, these changes were not introduced against, but within the existing system, often by those in charge. Therefore, elements of a more professionalised system co-existed with patronage relations. Waquet argues that we should speak of “a gradual internal transformation rather than of a permanent conflict between old and new”. (4/6)

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was a multilingual affair. An who could speak several languages had a clear advantage - not the least because he could thereby show equal respect to different parties, as this example by @dbellingradt shows. (1/2)


@earlymodern @historikerinnen @histodons

https://historians.social/@dbellingradt/112330521983176515

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@dbellingradt @earlymodern @historikerinnen @histodons

If you want to know more about languages and , have a look at the article by Sophie Holm. (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-032) (2/2)

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9 John Condren/Loek Luiten: City-States, Principalities and All That: The Diversity of Italian Diplomacy (c. 1400–c. 1800) (1/10)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-009

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John Condren and Loek Luiten, take us to which is often described as the birthplace of . (2/10)

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John Condren is assistant professor at the university of Nottingham. He is an expert in 17th and 18th century Italian . In his PhD thesis he looked at the role of the duchies of the Po plain within the context of Louis XIV foreign policy. We’re eagerly awaiting its publication which is due this summer! (3/10)

https://www.routledge.com/Louis-XIV-and-the-Peace-of-Europe-French-Diplomacy-in-Northern-Italy-1659---1701/Condren/p/book/9780367691875

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Loek Luiten focusses on Italian from the other end of time making them both the perfect match! Luiten has done his PhD Oxford University on the Farnese Family in the 15th century. We can recommend his article “Friends and family, fruit and fish: the gift in Quattrocento Farnese cultural politics”. What a great title! (4/11)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rest.12401

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Together Condren & Luiten accepted the challenge to give an overview on Italian ! This is a great task indeed, as Italy consisted on a great variety of different political entities: duchies, princely composite states, the possessions of foreign monarchs and city-republics of different size and influence, meaning that Italy was itself “a hive of diplomatic activity”. (5/11)

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In the first part, Condren and Luiten describe the structures and evolution of Italian until the late 15th/early 16th century, arguing that the different political entities developed at different paces and in varying ways.
For the republics of Venice and Genoa for example mercantile and commercial interests played a crucial role which shaped the way envoys to foreign courts were chosen. (6/11)

emdiplomacy OP ,
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@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

In general, there were a number of very different actors involved in : Mercenaries, merchants, mendicant friars, notaries, and bishops. They all had their different ways of doing and it was a slow process of merging these different traditions that took place during the 15th century. (7/11)

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In a second step, Condren and Luiten discuss how the different Italian diplomatic actors were integrated in the developing European diplomatic system from the 16th century up to the Napoleonic Wars. As their role and their political status changed over time, they had to adapt their practices. (8/11)

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@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Historiography has traditionally looked at Italian from the 16th century onwards from the perspective of the great European powers, especially France and the Habsburgs, and how they tried to realize their geopolitical interests on the Italian peninsula. However, it is important to realize that from an Italian perspective the different Italian princes and republics not only needed to maintain their interests within the bigger picture of , but they also needed to exchange diplomats among themselves. (9/11)

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Studying Italian is so rich of case studies that we could have several separate articles – and we indeed have a special article on papal diplomacy. (10/11)

https://hcommons.social/@emdiplomacy/112282172305903370

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@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Moreover, Italian allows us to study so many different things in a nutshell: the development of diplomatic practices and the merging of different traditions, the connection between and state building, the role and agency of political entities of different status and how they tried to maintain their position within the power struggle of the great European powers. (11/11)

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8 Alexander Koller: Representing Spiritual and Secular Interests: The Development of Papal Diplomacy (1/)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110672008-008

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Alexander Koller is deputy director at the DHI Rome and we couldn’t have found anyone more suitable to write the article on papal for the . He has published extensively on Italian and German relations in the 16th and 17th c. His special interest being the papacy. He even edited two volumes of the reports of the nuncios.

http://dhi-roma.it/index.php?id=nuntiaturberichte&L=24 (2/6)

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For the handbook Koller takes us on a tour de force through centuries of papal diplomacy that has its roots in the antiquity. (3/6)

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Talking about papal diplomacy one has to differentiate between legations and permanent nunciatures. By the 16th c. 13 such nunciatures had been established, e.g. in Florence, Cologne and Brussels. (4/6)

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Papal diplomats – legates as well as nuncios – differed from other secular diplomats, as it was their task to represent the Apostolic See on a spiritual and a secular level.
But just like other diplomats papal envoys’ main tasks were representing, negotiating and of course reporting – the many volumes of the reports of the nuncios are an impressive testimony to this.
Koller thereby not only explains the development of papal diplomacy and its legal aspects, but also takes a closer look on the careers, the assignments and the daily life of the papal diplomats. (5/6)

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Koller concludes that papal displayed a high degree of systematic order and efficiency.
For understanding in general papal diplomacy is key, as it was so advanced and prominent in international relations. (6/6)

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After our special on female scholars for and a little break we continue our introduction of the authors and their articles with the third section that focusses on the development of in different European countries.

https://hcommons.social/@emdiplomacy/112037709675714425

@womenknowhistory @histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy , to History
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It’s , also for lovers!

Therefore, we want to introduce you to some of the great female scholars working on who are not authors.

(1/n)


@historikerinnen @earlymodern
@histodons
@womenknowhistory

emdiplomacy OP ,
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Last but not least, Lisa Hellman is head of the Nordic global network Nordglob which brings together scholars from the Nordic countries who are working on or at least interested in

www.nordglob.org

(12/12)

@historikerinnen @earlymodern @histodons @womenknowhistory

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The , aka the Big Pink Book, finally found its way to its wonderful authors. So we asked them to sent us pictures of its new home.
Under we take you on a journey to all the places where research takes places.
If you spot the handbook in the wild, please post pictures, too! (1x)

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From Sweden the travels to Norway, to the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

Picture by Halvard Leira

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